📍Tokenomics
One currency is not enough
Blockchain can be seen as a system that provides a service for its customers to store data in a decentralized manner. The commission for user transactions acts as payment for the work of nodes. Unlike the real world, where prices are set in fiat currencies, fees for the blockchain service are paid in coins stored within the system. But what kind of changes does this entail?
If a cryptocurrency has its own blockchain, it is called a coin, unlike tokens, whose operations are processed by third-party blockchains. Thus, the description of the mechanics of how the blockchain economic model works should be called "coinomics."
The most common tokenomics model today is the one applied 13 years ago for Bitcoin. It implies that the number of coins is limited, and their issuance, which decreases over time to zero, comes as a reward to network nodes for making the system work. Therefore, users must buy them from node owners, often with fiat currency, to interact with the system.
It appears that users still pay nodes of the system in fiat currency but through an intermediate medium in the form of a blockchain coin. This payment arrangement has one indisputable advantage - because the number of coins is limited - when the system's popularity grows, its price skyrockets. But this same property also entails internal contradictions.
Investments vs Coin Backing
As we already wrote in the Positioning section, Bitcoin is primarily a bank, and therefore, its main task is to safeguard the Bitcoins in users' accounts. So transactions can be thought of as depositing or withdrawing funds. With this approach, there is nothing wrong with a transaction taking an hour to process because the Bitcoin blockchain is not primarily a payment system.
In this model, the main concern is that funds are withdrawn at the expense of new users who want to invest in the system. Meaning that Bitcoin is rising in value because people buy it expecting it to become even more expensive.
This is why short-sighted financial experts sometimes call Bitcoin a Ponzi scheme. But they are wrong - in addition to its function as a store of value, Bitcoin now also acts as a measure of value (e.g., WBTC on Ethereum) and a means of payment (Lightning Network).
But because of Bitcoin-like tokenomics, a conflict between network users and long-term holders has become apparent. Investors withdraw tokens from circulation, causing the price to rise, which raises costs for using the blockchain functionality that backs the coin. Thus, at the peak of the bull run, the commission on the use of smart contract functionality in Ethereum is prohibitive, reaching hundreds of dollars per transaction.
Imagine Netflix released its token with a limited supply, which is needed to pay for movies. Many people will want to buy it as an investment asset, causing its price to rise. Users wishing to watch movies will have to pay a lot more. This will lead to a decrease in the number of actual clients, while they are the key to the service's success and, consequently, the value of the issued token.
That is why in the real world, paying for a service and investing in it are separated into two different types of assets: fiat currencies and stocks.
Users vs Node Owners
Exchanging money for services or goods is such a simple and old concept that we don't even realize it hides a problem. It is faced mainly by people in developing countries suffering rapid currency depreciation. The local currency decline makes the population poorer since most goods in any country are imported in today's globalized world. But exporters in such countries, on the contrary, make excess profits because their income remains stable, and local costs relative to these revenues are reduced.
In the blockchain world, this problem is more pronounced as cryptocurrency users continue to live in the real world and use fiat money for living. As cryptocurrency rises, network node owners play the role of exporters in countries with weakening currencies. Their income increases while their living costs remain the same. But those who use the network for something other than investing or trading act as people getting poorer.
For example, the transaction cost has a dramatic profitability impact on online business that involves cross-border cryptocurrency payments, especially if numerous transactions are assumed.
Thus, the users' and the node owners' interests directly contradict each other. For users, commissions are costs, and it is beneficial to reduce them. For node owners, fees are income, and it is profitable to increase them. But in an ideal world, the interests of users and node owners should coincide - both groups should be interested in the growth of network popularity and its further development.
Modern blockchains solve this problem through issuance, which provides the nodes with their profitability in the first place by the very high number of newly created coins at the start of the network and the numerous initial blockchain investors. So users pay a small fee, and nodes get the bulk of the reward with minted coins. But because issuance decreases over time, at some point, one of two things will happen anyway - either the income from the emission will not be enough to motivate node owners, or the fees will drastically increase.
Even Bitcoin, having most of its coins already created and its issuance significantly reduced relative to the initial stage of blockchain development, has this problem. There is still debate in the community about what will happen when its emission drops even further or stops entirely - whether the pure fees will be sufficient to motivate node owners.
At some point, the following chain of events may occur. Bitcoin issuance during the halving will drop so much that it will become unprofitable to mine in the face of such competition. The number of miners will begin to decrease, and Bitcoin's hashrate will start dropping. This will make users nervous about blockchain security, and they will begin withdrawing money from Bitcoin. The price of Bitcoin will drop, making mining even more unprofitable.
Within standard single-coin tokenomics, it is impossible to balance the user costs with the node owners' revenues because of the real-world coin price volatility. But this balance is crucial for customer availability if blockchain provides unique functionality.
YETI Tokenomics
So YETI tokenomics uses two coins: YET and BUSD/USDT (YETS on YETI Network) Their supply is managed by YETI Grinder, which is essentially an automated central bank.
It seems that it is almost impossible to make a consistent model of tokenomics on a single-coin basis - while using two coins makes it possible to resolve virtually all internal contradictions.
In general, an ideal tokenomics should facilitate the coincidence of the interests of three groups of participants:
- Long-term holders who, having invested once, may not return to the blockchain for years.
- Regular users of the system who constantly use it for a variety of tasks.
- Validators who spend computing resources and time to keep the system running.
The coincidence of interests is not just a theoretical concept. When applied to tokenomics, it means that the growth of some functional parameter of the system must benefit all participants. Since YETI is a truly scalable blockchain, we chose network activity, in other words, the number of transactions per unit of time, as such a parameter.
Also, we are pretty sure that it is impossible to create a single-coin tokenomics model in which transaction growth results in gains for all participants, so YETI tokenomics uses two coins: YETS and YET. Their supply is managed by YETI Grinder, which is essentially an automated central bank.
YET Token on Binance/Ethereum Chain
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Total Supply | 3,000,000,000 |
| Circulating Supply | 100% by Public Fair Launch |
| Decimal | 9 |
| Transaction Fee | 1% Buy tax (BUSD/USDT Reflections for YET Holders) 1% Sell tax (Marketing/Listing) |
| Grinder Balancer | 1% Sell tax (80% BUSD/USDT Reflections for YET Holders, 20% Development/Listing) 1% Buy tax (80% Burn, 20% Development/Listing) |
| Contract Binance | 0xC631d214F68e5FD97Fe610736c6692C5533a2F20 |
| Contract Ethereun | 0xC631d214F68e5FD97Fe610736c6692C5533a2F20 |
YET Coin on YETI Chain
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Total Supply | 3 000 000 000 YETs |
| Utility | YET is used to issue YETS |
| Issuance | Can be minted only as validator's reward |
| Burning | A part of YET while minting YETS is burned |
It is vital for investors and validators that there are explicit mechanics for the growth of the asset in the long run. But in most modern networks, it is not entirely obvious what a coin is secured with, so the main criteria for long-term investments remain the limited supply of the token and the possible popularity of the decentralized system in the future.
In YETI, YET is designed for investment purposes and is directly secured by user activity. YET is a YETS coin printing certificate. Its main properties are a constant demand from the system and persistent burning. Thus, the more YETS coins are burned as transaction fees, the more must be printed, and the more YETs will be used for this purpose, part of which will be burned.
Thus, even a constant amount of daily transactions will reduce the overall supply of YET. Therefore, both investors and validators benefit from the network activity since it directly reduces the YET coin supply.
YET Utility
YET is used by Grinder for YETS issuance. Anyone can put YET coins in the Grinder specifying YET / YETS rate. The Grinder continuously uses the YETs offers with the highest bids to issue YETSs. During the order processing, one part of the YET burns irretrievably, and the other part becomes available for reissue into circulation. It will stop being burned when only 1 000 000 YETs remain.
The percantage of YET burned depends on the amount of YETs put in Grinder for YETS issuance. The formula is:
When the number of YETs used for YETS issuance exeeds 990 000 000 there will remain only 1 000 000 of YET coins and they will stop burning.
YET Issuance
Validators' rewards will be calculated in YETS as the sum of burned commissions and inflationary YETS issuance. YET will be issued corresponding to that amount using a constant product formula as validators' rewards. This means that the reduction of YET token issuance will not occur in leaps and bounds, as in the case of Bitcoin halvings, but gradually.
Since validator rewards are not directly dependent on the specific transactions they process, the distribution of YET among validators can be adjusted based on many factors. In addition, this approach prevents front-running.
The YET supply depends on the number of YETSs minted by the Grinder. That includes all newly minted YETSs (issuance and replacement for burned coins). The number of YETs to mint is defined by the formula:
The Grinder uses a virtual YET system pool to issue YET. The Grinder can only take YET from there to the extent of the burned commissions and inflation issuance. YET used but not burned during YETS minting returns to this virtual pool. Thus, over time, fewer and fewer YET will be issued as a reward.
You can imagine - that there is a virtual AMM in Grinder with a pool of YETS totally minted / YET for issuance. But the calculation of the YET issue is done without having a real AMM - just by the constant product formula.
YET Circulating Supply
The amount of YET circulating supply depends on the ratio of the YET burning speed to the issuance volume. The YET burning pace is determined primarily by the YET market price. The YET issuance depends on the number of YETSs burned as commissions. Thus, the exact amount of YET in circulation can only be approximated.
Our simulation shows that though the total supply of YET is 100 000 000, it is unlikely that there will be more than 20 000 000 YETs in circulation at any given moment.
The circulating supply of YET is calculated based on a computer model.
It assumes that the number of transactions grows from 0 to a given number within about half a year, and the rate at which Grinder uses YET is directly proportional to the ratio of YETS and YET coins in circulation.
YETS / YET Rate
The YETS / YET rate depends very much on the initial distribution of coins - therefore, it can even fall during the first few years if the number of transactions is not very high. But in the long term, the amount of YETS in circulation will grow, and the amount of YET will fall after the peak is passed. So, in the long run, depending on the number of transactions in the blockchain, the amount of YETS given per YET will steadily grow.
The YETS / YET rate is calculated based on a computer model as a ratio of the YETS circulating supply and the YET circulating supply.
The model assumes that the number of transactions grows from 0 to a given number within about half a year, and the rate at which Grinder uses YET is directly proportional to the ratio of YETS and YET coins in
YETS Coin
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Maximum Supply | Unlimited |
| Circulating Supply | Limited by formula |
| Initial Supply | 3 000 000 000 YETSs during the first 1000 days |
| Inflation | 5% yearly after 1000 days |
| Utility | Transaction fees in YETI are paid in YETS |
| Issuance | Anyone can issue YETS by burning YET in the Grinder |
| Burning | All YETSs used to pay commissions are burned |
What matters most to blockchain users is that transaction fees do not become very expensive. In modern blockchains, the commission amount is determined on an auction basis - the more commission users pay, the faster their transaction will be processed. This leads to two problems: frontrunning and higher fees during activity spikes.
Frontrunning is the ability to outrun someone else's massive transaction by increasing the commission paid and earning from the resulting price increase.
In YETI, the YETS coin will be used to pay commissions. The maximum commission cost will be a fixed amount of 1 YETS, but with the growth of the network activity, the transaction cost will decrease - down to thousandths of a YETS. Moreover, because YETS is an inflationary coin with a 5% supply growth per year, its price will correlate with the real-world inflation rate in the long run.
An activity expansion is usually accompanied by coin price growth. Thus, with the increase in network activity, the relative price of YETS will grow, but the absolute value of the transaction cost expressed in YETS will decrease. This will allow the fees to remain at an acceptable level relative to the real world even at the peak of the bull run.
YETS Utility
All transaction fees paid in YETS are immediately burned. The base fee rate per transaction is 1 YETS. But since the volume of transactions can be large, too many YETSs can be burned in a short period. Therefore, as the number of transactions increases, the fee is reduced so that no more than 1% of the total YETS supply is burned daily.
The formula defines the target fee cost in YETS depending on the total number of transactions. For the first 1000 days, the formula is:
After 1000 days the formula changes to account for the YETS inflation:
YETS Issuance
YETS can only be released into circulation by burning YET in the YETI Grinder. There is a queue of orders arranged by the YET / YETS rate for this purpose. The more YETs are offered in exchange for a single YETS, the sooner the Grinder will process that order. The closest analogy to such a queue is exchange limit sell orders, executed by persistent demand from the Grinder.
The mathematical formula defines the YETS issuance depending on the day after the launch. For the first 1000 days, the formula is:
After 1000 days the formula changes to keep the constant inflation rate:
These calculations apply only to newly created YETSs. Simultaneously with the issuance, YETSs will be minted through Grinder to replace the burned commission.
YETS Circulating Supply
The YETI Grinder controls the issuance of the YETS coin to reach the target circulating supply determined by a mathematical formula. Since the YETS coin is inflationary and the commissions paid in YETS are burned, there is a constant need to create new YETSs. YETI Grinder will print YETSs providing the necessary issuance and replacing burned YETS coins to reach the target YETS circulating supply.
The mathematical formula defines the target supply depending on the day after the launch. For the first 1000 days, the formula is:
After 1000 days the formula changes to keep the constant inflation rate:
FAQ
Do you have two tokens? But LUNA also did, and it collapsed!
If some single-token system goes bankrupt, it doesn't mean all single-token mechanics are doomed. We have fundamentally different mechanics from LUNA, self-sufficient and not directly tied to the real world. Thus, it cannot be broken by external manipulation, as it happened with LUNA.
How will I be able to deposit or withdraw money from YETI?
In the beginning, a bridge with Ethereum will be set up to interact with the outside world, allowing users to use wrapped ETH in YETI. It will also be possible to withdraw capital from the YETI network using this bridge.
Bridges to other popular blockchains will be created in the future. If necessary, it will be possible to make a bridge with reverse logic, where YETS or YET is withdrawn from YETI, and in another blockchain, the user receives wrapped YETS or YET tokens.
What happens if no one puts YET in the Grinder?
That won't happen. At least, the YETI Team will put a single YET in the Grinder queue at a price sufficient to issue a billion YETSs. And we have no doubt that there will be many such overpriced orders.
YET will not be burned when trading on the exchanges. Will it break the system?
There will be DEX in YETI, so it will be possible to trade YET for YETS outside the Grinder.
If the price of YET on DEX drops much relative to prices in the Grinder queue, it will open up an arbitrage opportunity. Anyone can buy a cheap YET on the exchange and put it into the Grinder at a much higher price.
If the price on the exchange exceeds the price in the Grinder, it would be more profitable to cancel the Grinder's order in the queue and sell the YET on the market.
Thus, the price on the exchange and in the Grinder queue will strongly correlate. But the burn price in the Grinder will likely be slightly higher than the exchange rate since it will take some time to process the order via the Grinder. In other words, if there is a possibility to swap YET on the DEX immediately or through Grinder, say, within a week, then, obviously, the long wait must be somehow compensated.
What happens if YET collapses?
As has already been said, the prices in the Grinder queue and on the exchange correlate. If the price of YET falls (relative to YETS), then the Grinder will start to consume (and burn) significantly more YET. Therefore, at moments of deep YET drawdowns, it will be burned at an accelerated pace.
Where will the first YETS tokens come from?
The initial YETS tokens must appear somehow to launch the system. Otherwise, it will be impossible to make any transactions. For that, YETI will have a rule (both initially and in the future) that each new validator will receive 100 YETS as a gift.
Will YET be distributed evenly?
YET will be distributed among validators as a reward. Since we plan to launch a network with about a thousand initial validators, and about 10% of the total YET supply will be distributed among them in the first year, there should be no large YET holders.
Well, except for the YETI Team, which needs a lot of tokens to create bridges, provide liquidity for centralized exchanges, offer grants for developers, etc. The additional reward the Team will receive as Routers' rewards by operating the network layer.